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Silencing mutations in JAG1 gene may play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of Tetralogy of Fallot
Corresponding Author(s) : Mostafa Behjati-Ardakani
Cellular and Molecular Biology,
Vol. 64 No. 4: Issue 4
Abstract
Keywords
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- Eldadah ZA, Hamosh A, Biery NJ et al. Familial Tetralogy of Fallot caused by mutation in the jagged1 gene. Human molecular genetics. Jan 15 2001; 10(2): 163-169.
- Apitz C, Webb GD, Redington AN. Tetralogy of Fallot. Lancet (London, England). Oct 24 2009; 374(9699): 1462-1471.
- Ferencz C, Rubin JD, Mccarter RJ et al. Congenital heart disease: prevalence at livebirth: the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study. American journal of epidemiology. 1985; 121(1): 31-36.
- Hoffman JI, Kaplan S. The incidence of congenital heart disease. Journal of the American college of cardiology. 2002; 39(12): 1890-1900.
- Srujana K, Begum SS, Rao KN, Devi GS, Jyothy A, Prasad MH. Application of the comet assay for assessment of oxidative DNA damage in circulating lymphocytes of Tetralogy of Fallot patients. Mutation research. Jun 01 2010; 688(1-2): 62-65.
- Kutiyanawala M, Wyse R, Brereton R et al. CHARGE and esophageal atresia. Journal of pediatric surgery. 1992; 27(5): 558-560.
- Marino B, Digilio MC, Grazioli S et al. Associated cardiac anomalies in isolated and syndromic patients with tetralogy of Fallot. The American journal of cardiology. 1996; 77(7): 505-508.
- Botto LD, Khoury MJ, Mulinare J, Erickson JD. Periconceptional multivitamin use and the occurrence of conotruncal heart defects: results from a population-based, case-control study. Pediatrics. 1996; 98(5): 911-917.
- Cordle J, Johnson S, Tay JZY et al. A conserved face of the Jagged/Serrate DSL domain is involved in Notch trans-activation and cis-inhibition. Nat Struct Mol Biol. Aug 2008; 15(8): 849-857.
- Rauch R, Hofbeck M, Zweier C et al. Comprehensive genotype-phenotype analysis in 230 patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Journal of medical genetics. May 2010; 47(5): 321-331.
- Guegan K, Stals K, Day M, Turnpenny P, Ellard S. JAG1 mutations are found in approximately one third of patients presenting with only one or two clinical features of Alagille syndrome. Clinical genetics. 2012; 82(1): 33-40.
- Artavanis-Tsakonas S, Rand MD, Lake RJ. Notch signaling: cell fate control and signal integration in development. Science. 1999; 284(5415): 770-776.
- Ehebauer M, Hayward P, Arias AM. Notch, a universal arbiter of cell fate decisions. Science. 2006; 314(5804): 1414-1415.
- Vazquez-Martinez ER, Varela-Fascinetto G, Garcia-Delgado C et al. Polymorphism analysis and new JAG1 gene mutations of Alagille syndrome in Mexican population. Meta Gene. Dec 2014; 2: 32-40.
- Gray GE, Mann RS, Mitsiadis E et al. Human ligands of the Notch receptor. The American journal of pathology. 1999; 154(3): 785-794.
- Lindsell CE, Shawber CJ, Boulter J, Weinmaster G. Jagged: a mammalian ligand that activates Notch1. Cell. 1995; 80(6): 909-917.
- Oda T, Elkahloun AG, Meltzer PS, Chandrasekharappa SC. Identification and Cloning of the Human Homolog (JAG1) of the RatJagged1Gene from the Alagille Syndrome Critical Region at 20p12. Genomics. 1997; 43(3): 376-379.
- Li L, Krantz ID, Deng Y et al. Alagille syndrome is caused by mutations in human Jagged1, which encodes a ligand for Notch1. Nature genetics. 1997; 16(3): 243-251.
- McDaniell R, Warthen DM, Sanchez-Lara PA et al. NOTCH2 mutations cause Alagille syndrome, a heterogeneous disorder of the notch signaling pathway. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2006; 79(1): 169-173.
- Krantz ID, Smith R, Colliton RP et al. Jagged 1 mutations in patients ascertained with isolated congenital heart defects. American journal of medical genetics. 1999; 84(1): 56-60.
- Le Caignec C, Lefevre M, Schott J et al. Familial deafness, congenital heart defects, and posterior embryotoxon caused by cysteine substitution in the first epidermal-growth-factor–like domain of Jagged 1. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002; 71(1): 180-186.
- Lu F, Morrissette JJ, Spinner NB. Conditional JAG1 mutation shows the developing heart is more sensitive than developing liver to JAG1 dosage. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003; 72(4): 1065-1070.
- Pintar A, Guarnaccia C, Dhir S, Pongor S. Exon 6 of human JAG1 encodes a conserved structural unit. BMC structural biology. 2009; 9(1): 43.
- Chillakuri CR, Sheppard D, Lea SM, Handford PA. Notch receptor–ligand binding and activation: Insights from molecular studies. Paper presented at: Seminars in cell & developmental biology, 2012.
- Di Felice V, Zummo G. Tetralogy of fallot as a model to study cardiac progenitor cell migration and differentiation during heart development. Trends in cardiovascular medicine. 2009; 19(4): 130-135.
- Crosnier C, Driancourt C, Raynaud N et al. Mutations in JAGGED1 gene are predominantly sporadic in Alagille syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1999; 116(5): 1141-1148.
- Warthen D, Moore E, Kamath B et al. Jagged1 (JAG1) mutations in Alagille syndrome: increasing the mutation detection rate. Human mutation. 2006; 27(5): 436-443.
- Kola S, Koneti NR, Golla JP, Akka J, Gundimeda SD, Mundluru HP. Mutational analysis of JAG1 gene in non-syndromic tetralogy of Fallot children. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry. Nov 20 2011; 412(23-24): 2232-2236.
- Guarnaccia C, Dhir S, Pintar A, Pongor S. The tetralogy of Fallot"associated G274D mutation impairs folding of the second epidermal growth factor repeat in Jagged"1. The FEBS journal. 2009; 276(21): 6247-6257.
- Digilio MC, Luca AD, Lepri F et al. JAG1 mutation in a patient with deletion 22q11.2 syndrome and tetralogy of Fallot. American journal of medical genetics Part A. Dec 2013; 161a(12): 3133-3136.
- Goldmuntz E, Geiger E, Benson DW. NKX2. 5 mutations in patients with tetralogy of fallot. Circulation. 2001; 104(21): 2565-2568.
- Draus JM, Jr., Hauck MA, Goetsch M, Austin EH, 3rd, Tomita-Mitchell A, Mitchell ME. Investigation of somatic NKX2-5 mutations in congenital heart disease. Journal of medical genetics. Feb 2009; 46(2): 115-122.
- De Luca A, Sarkozy A, Ferese R et al. New mutations in ZFPM2/FOG2 gene in tetralogy of Fallot and double outlet right ventricle. Clinical genetics. Aug 2011; 80(2): 184-190.
- Salazar M, Consoli F, Villegas V et al. Search of somatic GATA4 and NKX2. 5 gene mutations in sporadic septal heart defects. European journal of medical genetics. 2011; 54(3): 306-309.
- Kheirollahi M, Khosravi F, Ashouri S, Ahmadi A. Existence of mutations in the homeodomain-encoding region of NKX2.5 gene in Iranian patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 21: 24.
- Zhao L, Ni SH, Liu XY et al. Prevalence and spectrum of Nkx2.6 mutations in patients with congenital heart disease. European journal of medical genetics. Oct 2014; 57(10): 579-586.
- Lin X, Huo Z, Liu X et al. A novel GATA6 mutation in patients with tetralogy of Fallot or atrial septal defect. J Hum Genet. Oct 2010; 55(10): 662-667.
- Zheng G, Zhao H, Wei D, Zhou N, Liu X. Identification of novel mutations in GATA6 gene associated with tetralogy of Fallot. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi. 2012; 92(34): 2402-2405.
- Huang RT, Xue S, Xu YJ, Yang YQ. Somatic mutations in the GATA6 gene underlie sporadic tetralogy of Fallot. International journal of molecular medicine. Jan 2013; 31(1): 51-58.
- Nemer G, Fadlalah F, Usta J et al. A novel mutation in the GATA4 gene in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot. Human mutation. Mar 2006; 27(3): 293-294.
- Yoshida A, Morisaki H, Nakaji M et al. Genetic mutation analysis in Japanese patients with non-syndromic congenital heart disease. J Hum Genet. 02//print 2016; 61(2): 157-162.
- Wei D, Bao H, Liu XY et al. GATA5 loss-of-function mutations underlie tetralogy of fallot. International journal of medical sciences. 2013; 10(1): 34-42.
- Huang RT, Xue S, Xu YJ, Zhou M, Yang YQ. Somatic GATA5 mutations in sporadic tetralogy of Fallot. International journal of molecular medicine. May 2014; 33(5): 1227-1235.
- Pizzuti A, Sarkozy A, Newton AL et al. Mutations of ZFPM2/FOG2 gene in sporadic cases of tetralogy of Fallot. Human mutation. Nov 2003; 22(5): 372-377.
- Karkera JD, Lee JS, Roessler E et al. Loss-of-function mutations in growth differentiation factor-1 (GDF1) are associated with congenital heart defects in humans. American journal of human genetics. Nov 2007; 81(5): 987-994.
- Griffin HR, Topf A, Glen E et al. Systematic survey of variants in TBX1 in non-syndromic tetralogy of Fallot identifies a novel 57 base pair deletion that reduces transcriptional activity but finds no evidence for association with common variants. Heart (British Cardiac Society). Oct 2010; 96(20): 1651-1655.
- Baban A, Postma AV, Marini M et al. Identification of TBX5 mutations in a series of 94 patients with Tetralogy of Fallot. American journal of medical genetics Part A. Dec 2014; 164a(12): 3100-3107.
- Wang J, Xie X, Zhou S et al. The study of copy number variations in the regions of NOTCH1 among Chinese VSD and TOF patients. International journal of cardiology. Mar 17 2011; 147(3): 444-446.
- Guida V, Ferese R, Rocchetti M et al. A variant in the carboxyl-terminus of connexin 40 alters GAP junctions and increases risk for tetralogy of Fallot. European journal of human genetics : EJHG. Jan 2013; 21(1): 69-75.
- Yang X, Wu X, Li M et al. Mutation analysis of Cited2 in patients with congenital heart disease. Zhonghua er ke za zhi= Chinese journal of pediatrics. 2010; 48(4): 293-296.
- Li Q, Pan H, Guan L, Su D, Ma X. CITED2 mutation links congenital heart defects to dysregulation of the cardiac gene VEGF and PITX2C expression. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. Jul 13 2012; 423(4): 895-899.
- Wu M, Li Y, He X et al. Mutational and functional analysis of the BVES gene coding region in Chinese patients with non-syndromic tetralogy of Fallot. International journal of molecular medicine. 2013; 31(4): 899-903.
- Sun YM, Wang J, Qiu XB et al. PITX2 loss-of-function mutation contributes to tetralogy of Fallot. Gene. Feb 15 2016; 577(2): 258-264.
- Supek F, Minana B, Valcarcel J, Gabaldon T, Lehner B. Synonymous mutations frequently act as driver mutations in human cancers. Cell. Mar 13 2014; 156(6): 1324-1335.
- Fung KL, Pan J, Ohnuma S et al. MDR1 synonymous polymorphisms alter transporter specificity and protein stability in a stable epithelial monolayer. Cancer research. Jan 15 2014; 74(2): 598-608.
- Mueller WF, Larsen LS, Garibaldi A, Hatfield GW, Hertel KJ. The Silent Sway of Splicing by Synonymous Substitutions. The Journal of biological chemistry. Nov 13 2015; 290(46): 27700-27711.
- Pizzo L, Iriarte A, Alvarez-Valin F, Marin M. Conservation of CFTR codon frequency through primates suggests synonymous mutations could have a functional effect. Mutation research. May 2015; 775: 19-25.
- Cigliola V, Populaire C, Pierri CL et al. A Variant of GJD2, Encoding for Connexin 36, Alters the Function of Insulin Producing beta-Cells. PloS one. 2016; 11(3): e0150880.
- Ferri L, Dionisi-Vici C, Taurisano R, Vaz FM, Guerrini R, Morrone A. When silence is noise: infantile-onset Barth syndrome caused by a synonymous substitution affecting TAZ gene transcription. Clinical genetics. Nov 2016; 90(5): 461-465.
- Kirchner S, Cai Z, Rauscher R et al. Alteration of protein function by a silent polymorphism linked to tRNA abundance. PLoS biology. May 2017; 15(5): e2000779.
References
Eldadah ZA, Hamosh A, Biery NJ et al. Familial Tetralogy of Fallot caused by mutation in the jagged1 gene. Human molecular genetics. Jan 15 2001; 10(2): 163-169.
Apitz C, Webb GD, Redington AN. Tetralogy of Fallot. Lancet (London, England). Oct 24 2009; 374(9699): 1462-1471.
Ferencz C, Rubin JD, Mccarter RJ et al. Congenital heart disease: prevalence at livebirth: the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study. American journal of epidemiology. 1985; 121(1): 31-36.
Hoffman JI, Kaplan S. The incidence of congenital heart disease. Journal of the American college of cardiology. 2002; 39(12): 1890-1900.
Srujana K, Begum SS, Rao KN, Devi GS, Jyothy A, Prasad MH. Application of the comet assay for assessment of oxidative DNA damage in circulating lymphocytes of Tetralogy of Fallot patients. Mutation research. Jun 01 2010; 688(1-2): 62-65.
Kutiyanawala M, Wyse R, Brereton R et al. CHARGE and esophageal atresia. Journal of pediatric surgery. 1992; 27(5): 558-560.
Marino B, Digilio MC, Grazioli S et al. Associated cardiac anomalies in isolated and syndromic patients with tetralogy of Fallot. The American journal of cardiology. 1996; 77(7): 505-508.
Botto LD, Khoury MJ, Mulinare J, Erickson JD. Periconceptional multivitamin use and the occurrence of conotruncal heart defects: results from a population-based, case-control study. Pediatrics. 1996; 98(5): 911-917.
Cordle J, Johnson S, Tay JZY et al. A conserved face of the Jagged/Serrate DSL domain is involved in Notch trans-activation and cis-inhibition. Nat Struct Mol Biol. Aug 2008; 15(8): 849-857.
Rauch R, Hofbeck M, Zweier C et al. Comprehensive genotype-phenotype analysis in 230 patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Journal of medical genetics. May 2010; 47(5): 321-331.
Guegan K, Stals K, Day M, Turnpenny P, Ellard S. JAG1 mutations are found in approximately one third of patients presenting with only one or two clinical features of Alagille syndrome. Clinical genetics. 2012; 82(1): 33-40.
Artavanis-Tsakonas S, Rand MD, Lake RJ. Notch signaling: cell fate control and signal integration in development. Science. 1999; 284(5415): 770-776.
Ehebauer M, Hayward P, Arias AM. Notch, a universal arbiter of cell fate decisions. Science. 2006; 314(5804): 1414-1415.
Vazquez-Martinez ER, Varela-Fascinetto G, Garcia-Delgado C et al. Polymorphism analysis and new JAG1 gene mutations of Alagille syndrome in Mexican population. Meta Gene. Dec 2014; 2: 32-40.
Gray GE, Mann RS, Mitsiadis E et al. Human ligands of the Notch receptor. The American journal of pathology. 1999; 154(3): 785-794.
Lindsell CE, Shawber CJ, Boulter J, Weinmaster G. Jagged: a mammalian ligand that activates Notch1. Cell. 1995; 80(6): 909-917.
Oda T, Elkahloun AG, Meltzer PS, Chandrasekharappa SC. Identification and Cloning of the Human Homolog (JAG1) of the RatJagged1Gene from the Alagille Syndrome Critical Region at 20p12. Genomics. 1997; 43(3): 376-379.
Li L, Krantz ID, Deng Y et al. Alagille syndrome is caused by mutations in human Jagged1, which encodes a ligand for Notch1. Nature genetics. 1997; 16(3): 243-251.
McDaniell R, Warthen DM, Sanchez-Lara PA et al. NOTCH2 mutations cause Alagille syndrome, a heterogeneous disorder of the notch signaling pathway. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2006; 79(1): 169-173.
Krantz ID, Smith R, Colliton RP et al. Jagged 1 mutations in patients ascertained with isolated congenital heart defects. American journal of medical genetics. 1999; 84(1): 56-60.
Le Caignec C, Lefevre M, Schott J et al. Familial deafness, congenital heart defects, and posterior embryotoxon caused by cysteine substitution in the first epidermal-growth-factor–like domain of Jagged 1. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002; 71(1): 180-186.
Lu F, Morrissette JJ, Spinner NB. Conditional JAG1 mutation shows the developing heart is more sensitive than developing liver to JAG1 dosage. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003; 72(4): 1065-1070.
Pintar A, Guarnaccia C, Dhir S, Pongor S. Exon 6 of human JAG1 encodes a conserved structural unit. BMC structural biology. 2009; 9(1): 43.
Chillakuri CR, Sheppard D, Lea SM, Handford PA. Notch receptor–ligand binding and activation: Insights from molecular studies. Paper presented at: Seminars in cell & developmental biology, 2012.
Di Felice V, Zummo G. Tetralogy of fallot as a model to study cardiac progenitor cell migration and differentiation during heart development. Trends in cardiovascular medicine. 2009; 19(4): 130-135.
Crosnier C, Driancourt C, Raynaud N et al. Mutations in JAGGED1 gene are predominantly sporadic in Alagille syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1999; 116(5): 1141-1148.
Warthen D, Moore E, Kamath B et al. Jagged1 (JAG1) mutations in Alagille syndrome: increasing the mutation detection rate. Human mutation. 2006; 27(5): 436-443.
Kola S, Koneti NR, Golla JP, Akka J, Gundimeda SD, Mundluru HP. Mutational analysis of JAG1 gene in non-syndromic tetralogy of Fallot children. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry. Nov 20 2011; 412(23-24): 2232-2236.
Guarnaccia C, Dhir S, Pintar A, Pongor S. The tetralogy of Fallot"associated G274D mutation impairs folding of the second epidermal growth factor repeat in Jagged"1. The FEBS journal. 2009; 276(21): 6247-6257.
Digilio MC, Luca AD, Lepri F et al. JAG1 mutation in a patient with deletion 22q11.2 syndrome and tetralogy of Fallot. American journal of medical genetics Part A. Dec 2013; 161a(12): 3133-3136.
Goldmuntz E, Geiger E, Benson DW. NKX2. 5 mutations in patients with tetralogy of fallot. Circulation. 2001; 104(21): 2565-2568.
Draus JM, Jr., Hauck MA, Goetsch M, Austin EH, 3rd, Tomita-Mitchell A, Mitchell ME. Investigation of somatic NKX2-5 mutations in congenital heart disease. Journal of medical genetics. Feb 2009; 46(2): 115-122.
De Luca A, Sarkozy A, Ferese R et al. New mutations in ZFPM2/FOG2 gene in tetralogy of Fallot and double outlet right ventricle. Clinical genetics. Aug 2011; 80(2): 184-190.
Salazar M, Consoli F, Villegas V et al. Search of somatic GATA4 and NKX2. 5 gene mutations in sporadic septal heart defects. European journal of medical genetics. 2011; 54(3): 306-309.
Kheirollahi M, Khosravi F, Ashouri S, Ahmadi A. Existence of mutations in the homeodomain-encoding region of NKX2.5 gene in Iranian patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 21: 24.
Zhao L, Ni SH, Liu XY et al. Prevalence and spectrum of Nkx2.6 mutations in patients with congenital heart disease. European journal of medical genetics. Oct 2014; 57(10): 579-586.
Lin X, Huo Z, Liu X et al. A novel GATA6 mutation in patients with tetralogy of Fallot or atrial septal defect. J Hum Genet. Oct 2010; 55(10): 662-667.
Zheng G, Zhao H, Wei D, Zhou N, Liu X. Identification of novel mutations in GATA6 gene associated with tetralogy of Fallot. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi. 2012; 92(34): 2402-2405.
Huang RT, Xue S, Xu YJ, Yang YQ. Somatic mutations in the GATA6 gene underlie sporadic tetralogy of Fallot. International journal of molecular medicine. Jan 2013; 31(1): 51-58.
Nemer G, Fadlalah F, Usta J et al. A novel mutation in the GATA4 gene in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot. Human mutation. Mar 2006; 27(3): 293-294.
Yoshida A, Morisaki H, Nakaji M et al. Genetic mutation analysis in Japanese patients with non-syndromic congenital heart disease. J Hum Genet. 02//print 2016; 61(2): 157-162.
Wei D, Bao H, Liu XY et al. GATA5 loss-of-function mutations underlie tetralogy of fallot. International journal of medical sciences. 2013; 10(1): 34-42.
Huang RT, Xue S, Xu YJ, Zhou M, Yang YQ. Somatic GATA5 mutations in sporadic tetralogy of Fallot. International journal of molecular medicine. May 2014; 33(5): 1227-1235.
Pizzuti A, Sarkozy A, Newton AL et al. Mutations of ZFPM2/FOG2 gene in sporadic cases of tetralogy of Fallot. Human mutation. Nov 2003; 22(5): 372-377.
Karkera JD, Lee JS, Roessler E et al. Loss-of-function mutations in growth differentiation factor-1 (GDF1) are associated with congenital heart defects in humans. American journal of human genetics. Nov 2007; 81(5): 987-994.
Griffin HR, Topf A, Glen E et al. Systematic survey of variants in TBX1 in non-syndromic tetralogy of Fallot identifies a novel 57 base pair deletion that reduces transcriptional activity but finds no evidence for association with common variants. Heart (British Cardiac Society). Oct 2010; 96(20): 1651-1655.
Baban A, Postma AV, Marini M et al. Identification of TBX5 mutations in a series of 94 patients with Tetralogy of Fallot. American journal of medical genetics Part A. Dec 2014; 164a(12): 3100-3107.
Wang J, Xie X, Zhou S et al. The study of copy number variations in the regions of NOTCH1 among Chinese VSD and TOF patients. International journal of cardiology. Mar 17 2011; 147(3): 444-446.
Guida V, Ferese R, Rocchetti M et al. A variant in the carboxyl-terminus of connexin 40 alters GAP junctions and increases risk for tetralogy of Fallot. European journal of human genetics : EJHG. Jan 2013; 21(1): 69-75.
Yang X, Wu X, Li M et al. Mutation analysis of Cited2 in patients with congenital heart disease. Zhonghua er ke za zhi= Chinese journal of pediatrics. 2010; 48(4): 293-296.
Li Q, Pan H, Guan L, Su D, Ma X. CITED2 mutation links congenital heart defects to dysregulation of the cardiac gene VEGF and PITX2C expression. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. Jul 13 2012; 423(4): 895-899.
Wu M, Li Y, He X et al. Mutational and functional analysis of the BVES gene coding region in Chinese patients with non-syndromic tetralogy of Fallot. International journal of molecular medicine. 2013; 31(4): 899-903.
Sun YM, Wang J, Qiu XB et al. PITX2 loss-of-function mutation contributes to tetralogy of Fallot. Gene. Feb 15 2016; 577(2): 258-264.
Supek F, Minana B, Valcarcel J, Gabaldon T, Lehner B. Synonymous mutations frequently act as driver mutations in human cancers. Cell. Mar 13 2014; 156(6): 1324-1335.
Fung KL, Pan J, Ohnuma S et al. MDR1 synonymous polymorphisms alter transporter specificity and protein stability in a stable epithelial monolayer. Cancer research. Jan 15 2014; 74(2): 598-608.
Mueller WF, Larsen LS, Garibaldi A, Hatfield GW, Hertel KJ. The Silent Sway of Splicing by Synonymous Substitutions. The Journal of biological chemistry. Nov 13 2015; 290(46): 27700-27711.
Pizzo L, Iriarte A, Alvarez-Valin F, Marin M. Conservation of CFTR codon frequency through primates suggests synonymous mutations could have a functional effect. Mutation research. May 2015; 775: 19-25.
Cigliola V, Populaire C, Pierri CL et al. A Variant of GJD2, Encoding for Connexin 36, Alters the Function of Insulin Producing beta-Cells. PloS one. 2016; 11(3): e0150880.
Ferri L, Dionisi-Vici C, Taurisano R, Vaz FM, Guerrini R, Morrone A. When silence is noise: infantile-onset Barth syndrome caused by a synonymous substitution affecting TAZ gene transcription. Clinical genetics. Nov 2016; 90(5): 461-465.
Kirchner S, Cai Z, Rauscher R et al. Alteration of protein function by a silent polymorphism linked to tRNA abundance. PLoS biology. May 2017; 15(5): e2000779.