Investigation of the relationship between virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of Enterococci isolates

Umut Safiye Say Coskun

doi:10.14715/cmb/2019.65.2.3

Issue

Vol. 65 No. 2: Issue 2

Issue Published : March 12, 2019

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Investigation of the relationship between virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of Enterococci isolates

https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2019.65.2.3

Umut Safiye Say Coskun

Department of Medical Microbiology, Medicine Faculty, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey

Corresponding Author(s) : Umut Safiye Say Coskun

umut.saycoskun@gop.edu.tr

Cellular and Molecular Biology, Vol. 65 No. 2: Issue 2
Article Published : February 28, 2019

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between aggregation factor (asa1), enterococcal surface protein (esp), cytolysin (cyl), gelatinase (gelE), hyaluronidase (hyl) virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in Enterococci. VITEK 2 ID system was used to identify the isolates and determine their antibiotic susceptibility. Virulence genes were investigated by polymerase chain reaction. Of the 93 isolates, 62 (66 %) were Enterococcus faecium, 31 (44 %) were Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecialis ). E. faecium isolates were more resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, linezolid, teicoplanin and vancomycin than E. faecalis. High-level gentamycin rate were higher in E. faecium than E. faecalis (p <0.05). The most prevalant virulence genes were esp (60.9 %) and asa1 (25 %) followed by gelE (22.8 %), cyl (16.3 %) and hyl (8.7 %). Asa1, cyl, gelE genes positivity were higer in E. faecalis than E. faecium. Hyl positivity was higher in E. faecalis than E. faecium isolates. Ampicillin resistance was higher in gelE positive E. faecalis than gelE negative E. faecalis (p <0.05). Ciprofloxacin resistance was higher in gelE negative E. faecalis than gelE positive E. faecalis (p <0.05). Asa, cyl, hyl, gelE positive E. faecium isolates were more susceptible to teicoplanin than the isolates that did not have these genes (p <0.05). Cyl, asa, gelE positive E. faecalis isolates were more susceptible to vancomycin than cyl, asa, gelE negative E. faecalis isoates (p <0.05). Hyl positive E. faecium isolates were more susceptible to vancomycin than hyl negative E. faecium isolates (p <0.05). E. faecalis isolates that have virulence genes were more susceptible to vancomycin (p <0.05). The resistance to antibiotics in E. faecalis should be a concern for the treatment of infectious disease.

Keywords

Antibiotic resistance E. faecalis. E. faecium Vancomycin Virulence genes.

Say Coskun, U. S. (2019). Investigation of the relationship between virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of Enterococci isolates. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 65(2), 14–17. https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2019.65.2.3

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References

Schaberg DR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Major trends in microbial aetiology of nosocomial infection. Am J Med 1991; 91(3): 72-5.
Mollering RC Jr. Emergence of Enterococcus as significant pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 1173-8.
Olmsted SB, Kao SM, van Putte LJ, Gallo JC, Dunny GM. Role of the pheromone-inducible surface protein Asc10 in mating aggregate formation and conjugal transfer of the Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pcf10. J Bacteriol 1991; 173: 7665–72.
Shankar N, Lockatell CV, Baghdayan AS, Drachenberg C, Gilmore MS, Johnson DE. Role of Enterococcus faecalis surface protein Esp in the pathogenesis of ascending urinary tract infection. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 4366–72.
Triveda L, Gomathi. Comparative Study for the Detection of Virulence Factors in Clinical and Commensal Isolates of Enterococcus Species. IJHSR 2016; 6(3): 113-7.
Miyazaki S, Ohno A, Kobayashi I, Uji T, Yamaguchi K, Goto S. Cytotoxic effect of hemolytic culture supernatant from Enterococcus faecalis on mouse polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages. Microbiol Immunol 1993; 37(4): 265-70.
Kayaoglu G, í˜rstavik D. Virulence factors of Enterococcus faecalis: relationship to endodontic disease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2004; 15: 308–20.
Clinical and Laboratory Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twentyfifth Informational Supplement. Document M100-S23. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2013. 2. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 3.1, 2013.
Vankerckhoven V, Van Autgaerden T, Vael C, Lammens C, Chapelle S, Rossi R et al. Development of a multiplex PCR for the detection of asa1, gelE, cylA, esp, and hyl genes in enterococci and survey for virulence determinants among European hospital isolates of Enterococcus faecium. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42(10): 4473-9. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.10.4473-4479.2004
Soheili S, Ghafourian S, Sekawi Z, Neela V, Sadeghifard N, Ramli R at al. Wide Distribution of Virulence Genes among Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Clinical Isolates. Scientific World Journal 2014; 2014: 623174. DOI: 10.1155/2014/623174.
Al-Talib H, Zuraina N, Kamarudin B, Yean CY. Genotypic Variations of Virulent Genes in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Three Hospitals in Malaysia* Adv Clin Exp Med 2015: 24(1); 121–7. DOI: 10.17219/acem/38162
Pearson H. 'Superbug' hurdles key drug barrier. Nature 2002; 418(6897): 469.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Europe 2016. Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). Stockholm: ECDC; 2017.
Shokoohizadeh L, Ekrami A, Labibzadeh M, Ali L, Alavi SM. Antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence factors of enterococci isolates in hospitalized burn patients. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11(1): 1 DOI:10.1186/s13104-017-3088-5
Baylan O, Nazik H, Bektore B, Citil BE, Turan D, Betigul Ongen B at al.The Relationship Between Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Factors in UrinaryEnterococcus Isolates. Mikrobiyol Bul 2011; 45(3): 430-45.
Mete E, Kaleli ć°, Cevahir N, Demir M, Akkaya Y, Satılmış OK. Mikrobiyol Bul 2017; 51(2): 101-14. DOI: 10.5578/mb.53992
Tuhina B, Anupurba S, Karuna T. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors among the unusual species of enterococci, from North India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2016; 59(1): 50-5. DOI:10.4103/0377-4929.174795.
Heidari H, Hasanpour S, Ebrahim-Saraie HS, Motamedifar M. High Incidence of Virulence Factors among Clinical Enterococcus faecalis Isolates in Southwestern. Infect Chemother 2017; 49(1): 51-6. DOI:10.3947/ic.2017.49.1.51
Hancock LE, Perego M. Systematic inactivation and phenotypic characterization of two-component signal transduction systems of Enterococcus faecalis V583. J Bacteriol 2004; 186: 7951–8. DOI:10.1128/JB.186.23.7951-7958.2004
Saffari F, Dalfardi MS, Mansouri S, Ahmadrajabi R. Survey for Correlation between Biofilm Formation and Virulence Determinants in a Collection of Pathogenic and Fecal Enterococcus faecalis Isolates Infect Chemother 2017; 49(3): 176–83. DOI: 10.3947/ic.2017.49.3.176
Kashef M, Alvandi A, Hasanvand B, Azizi M, Abiri R. Virulence Factor and Biofilm Formation in Clinical Enterococcal Isolates of the West of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017 ; 10(7): e14379. DOI:10.5812/jjm.14379.
Beceiro A, Tomás M, Bou G. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence: a successful or deleterious association in the bacterial world?. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26(2): 185-230. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00059-12

References

Schaberg DR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Major trends in microbial aetiology of nosocomial infection. Am J Med 1991; 91(3): 72-5.

Mollering RC Jr. Emergence of Enterococcus as significant pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 1173-8.

Olmsted SB, Kao SM, van Putte LJ, Gallo JC, Dunny GM. Role of the pheromone-inducible surface protein Asc10 in mating aggregate formation and conjugal transfer of the Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pcf10. J Bacteriol 1991; 173: 7665–72.

Shankar N, Lockatell CV, Baghdayan AS, Drachenberg C, Gilmore MS, Johnson DE. Role of Enterococcus faecalis surface protein Esp in the pathogenesis of ascending urinary tract infection. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 4366–72.

Triveda L, Gomathi. Comparative Study for the Detection of Virulence Factors in Clinical and Commensal Isolates of Enterococcus Species. IJHSR 2016; 6(3): 113-7.

Miyazaki S, Ohno A, Kobayashi I, Uji T, Yamaguchi K, Goto S. Cytotoxic effect of hemolytic culture supernatant from Enterococcus faecalis on mouse polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages. Microbiol Immunol 1993; 37(4): 265-70.

Kayaoglu G, í˜rstavik D. Virulence factors of Enterococcus faecalis: relationship to endodontic disease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2004; 15: 308–20.

Clinical and Laboratory Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twentyfifth Informational Supplement. Document M100-S23. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2013. 2. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 3.1, 2013.

Vankerckhoven V, Van Autgaerden T, Vael C, Lammens C, Chapelle S, Rossi R et al. Development of a multiplex PCR for the detection of asa1, gelE, cylA, esp, and hyl genes in enterococci and survey for virulence determinants among European hospital isolates of Enterococcus faecium. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42(10): 4473-9. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.10.4473-4479.2004

Soheili S, Ghafourian S, Sekawi Z, Neela V, Sadeghifard N, Ramli R at al. Wide Distribution of Virulence Genes among Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Clinical Isolates. Scientific World Journal 2014; 2014: 623174. DOI: 10.1155/2014/623174.

Al-Talib H, Zuraina N, Kamarudin B, Yean CY. Genotypic Variations of Virulent Genes in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Three Hospitals in Malaysia* Adv Clin Exp Med 2015: 24(1); 121–7. DOI: 10.17219/acem/38162

Pearson H. 'Superbug' hurdles key drug barrier. Nature 2002; 418(6897): 469.

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Europe 2016. Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). Stockholm: ECDC; 2017.

Shokoohizadeh L, Ekrami A, Labibzadeh M, Ali L, Alavi SM. Antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence factors of enterococci isolates in hospitalized burn patients. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11(1): 1 DOI:10.1186/s13104-017-3088-5

Baylan O, Nazik H, Bektore B, Citil BE, Turan D, Betigul Ongen B at al.The Relationship Between Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Factors in UrinaryEnterococcus Isolates. Mikrobiyol Bul 2011; 45(3): 430-45.

Mete E, Kaleli ć°, Cevahir N, Demir M, Akkaya Y, Satılmış OK. Mikrobiyol Bul 2017; 51(2): 101-14. DOI: 10.5578/mb.53992

Tuhina B, Anupurba S, Karuna T. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors among the unusual species of enterococci, from North India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2016; 59(1): 50-5. DOI:10.4103/0377-4929.174795.

Heidari H, Hasanpour S, Ebrahim-Saraie HS, Motamedifar M. High Incidence of Virulence Factors among Clinical Enterococcus faecalis Isolates in Southwestern. Infect Chemother 2017; 49(1): 51-6. DOI:10.3947/ic.2017.49.1.51

Hancock LE, Perego M. Systematic inactivation and phenotypic characterization of two-component signal transduction systems of Enterococcus faecalis V583. J Bacteriol 2004; 186: 7951–8. DOI:10.1128/JB.186.23.7951-7958.2004

Saffari F, Dalfardi MS, Mansouri S, Ahmadrajabi R. Survey for Correlation between Biofilm Formation and Virulence Determinants in a Collection of Pathogenic and Fecal Enterococcus faecalis Isolates Infect Chemother 2017; 49(3): 176–83. DOI: 10.3947/ic.2017.49.3.176

Kashef M, Alvandi A, Hasanvand B, Azizi M, Abiri R. Virulence Factor and Biofilm Formation in Clinical Enterococcal Isolates of the West of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017 ; 10(7): e14379. DOI:10.5812/jjm.14379.

Beceiro A, Tomás M, Bou G. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence: a successful or deleterious association in the bacterial world?. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26(2): 185-230. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00059-12

Author biographies is not available.