Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles on Fluconazole resistant Dermatophytes identified by (GACA)4 and isolated from primary school children suffering from Tinea Capitis in Ismailia – Egypt

Mariam E. Amin; Marwa M. Azab; Amro M. Hanora; Salah Abdalla

doi:10.14715/cmb/2017.63.11.12

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Vol. 63 No. 11: Issue 11

Issue Published : November 30, 2017

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Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles on Fluconazole resistant Dermatophytes identified by (GACA)4 and isolated from primary school children suffering from Tinea Capitis in Ismailia – Egypt

https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2017.63.11.12

Mariam E. Amin

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

Marwa M. Azab

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

Amro M. Hanora

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

Salah Abdalla

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

Corresponding Author(s) : Amro M. Hanora

ahanora@yahoo.com

Cellular and Molecular Biology, Vol. 63 No. 11: Issue 11
Article Published : November 30, 2017

Abstract

Fungal infections caused by dermatophytes recently became more common. Available antifungal drugs are limited because of emergence of resistant strains due to prophylaxis with them, so there is an urgent need for novel antifungals. This study is aimed to detect the antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) on Fluconazole resistant dermatophytes isolated from primary school children clinically suffering from tinea capitis and attending El-Sheikh Zaid Dermatology Center in Ismailia. The study was done on 112 clinical cases. Examination with potassium hydroxide(KOH) of hair samples was done, followed by routine identification using culturing, macroscopical and microscopical examination and biochemical tests, finally molecular identification using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with (GACA) 4 was done. Fluconazole resistance of these dermatophytes was detected by different methods including agar disc diffusion method and broth microdilution susceptibility testing. Silver nanoparticles susceptibility testing was carried out on these Fluconazole resistant dermatophytes. The Ubiquitin 1 (Ub 1) gene was detected in samples which were Fluconazole resistant but SNPs susceptible. In this study dermatophytes were found only in 70 samples (62.5%). They were belonged to 3 species: Trichophyton violaceum, Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis. Fluconazole resistance was found in 58 samples (82.85%). Both M. canis and M. gypseum were resistant to all used concentrations of SNPs, while T. violaceum was susceptible to 50 µg/ml SNPs solution. The Ub1 gene was detected in 1 sample (4.8%). Therefore SNPs can be used for treatment of T. violaceum, while they can't be used for treatment of M. canis or M. gypseum.

Keywords

Dermatophytes (GACA)4 Fluconazole SNPs Ub1.

Amin, M. E., Azab, M. M., Hanora, A. M., & Abdalla, S. (2017). Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles on Fluconazole resistant Dermatophytes identified by (GACA)4 and isolated from primary school children suffering from Tinea Capitis in Ismailia – Egypt. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 63(11), 63–67. https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2017.63.11.12

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References

Weitzman I and Summerbell RC. The dermatophytes. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8:240-59.
Higgins EM, Fuller LC and Smith CH. Guidelines for the management of tinea capitis. Br J of Dermatol 2000; 143:53-58.
King RD, Khan HA, Foye JC, Greenberg JH and Jones HE. Transferrin, iron, and dermatophytes. I. Serum dermatophyte inhibitory component definitively identified as unsaturated transferrin. J Clin Med 1975; 86:204–12.
Dei Cas E and Vernes A. Parasitic adaptation of pathogenic fungi to mammalian hosts. Crit Rev Microbiol 1986; 13:173–218.
Rippon JW. Medical mycology, 3rd ed. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia – London; 1974.
Tainwala R and Sharma YK. Pathogenesis of dermatophytes. Indian Journal of Dermatology 2011; 56: 259-61.
Faggi E, Pini G, Campisi E, Bertellini C, Difonzo E and Mancianti F. Application of PCR to distinguish common species of dermatophytes. J of Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:3382-85.
Miao Z, Li S, Li D, Cai C and Cai Y. Rapid detection for rabbit-derived dermatophytes using microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction. J of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 2014; 24: 53-58.
Peres NTA, Maranbao FCA, Rossi A and Martinez-Rossi NM. Dermatophytes: host-pathogen interaction and antifungal resistance. An Bras Dermatol 2010; 85:657-67.
Kano R, Okabayashi K, Nakamura Y, Watanabe S and Hasegawa A. Expression of Ubiquitin Gene in Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes cultured with Fluconazole. American Society for Microbiology 2001; 45: 2559-62.
Packialakshmi N and Musbira Banu M. Antifungal activity of nucifera extract against the dermatophytes. Canadian J of Biological and Microbiological Research 2014; 1:1-4.
Taniguchi N. On the basic concept of nano-technology. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Production Engineering, Tokyo, Part II. Japan Society of Precision Engineering, Tokyo; 1974.
Thakkar KN, Mhatre SS and Parikh RY. Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine J 2010; 6:257-62.
Mavani K and Shah M. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by using Sodium Borohydride as a reducing agent. IJERT 2013; 2:1-5.
Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey BK and Carter GR. Clinical Veterinary Microbiology, section 3: Mycology; The Dermatophytes, Wolfe Publishing, Europe; 1994. p. 381-90.
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Weitzman I and Rosenthal S. Studies in the differentiation between Microsporum ferrugineum Ota and Trichophyton soudanense Joyeux. Mycopathologia 1984; 84:95-101.
Fisher F and Cook BN. Fundamentals of diagnostic mycology by W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 1998.
Shehata AS, Mukherjee PK, Aboulatta HN, El-Akhras AI, Abbadi SH and Ghannoum MA. Single-Step PCR using (GACA) 4 primer: utility for rapid identification of dermatophyte species and strains. J of Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2641-45.
Nweze EI, Mukherjee PK and Ghannoum MA. An agar-based disk diffusion assay for susceptibility testing of dermatophytes. J of Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 3750-52.
Matnani G, Roy I, Gandham N, Mandal A, Ujagare M and Jadhav SV. Identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of fungal infections in clinical samples of suspected superficial fungal infections. J of Medical and Clinical Research 2012; 3: 215-20.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi; Approved standard 2nd CLSI document M38-A2. Wayne, Pa: CLSI; 2008.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of Filamentous fungi; Approved standard M38-A. Wayne, Pa: CLSI; 2008.
Singh J and Beena PM. Profile of dermatophyte infections in Baroda. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2003; 69:281-3.
Nasser MM. The zoonotic importance of dermatomycoses in U.A.R. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ; 1969.
Nermeen HG. Studies on zoophilic dermatophytes with references to human and animal dermatophytes. Ph.D thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Zagazig Univ; 2006.
Sarika G, Purva A, Rahul R and Saksham G. Prevalence of dermatophytic infection and determining sensitivity of diagnostic procedures. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014; 6:35-38.
Bhatia VK and Sharma PC. Epidemiological studies on Dermatophytosis in human patients in Himachal Pradesh, India. SpringerPlus 2014; 3:134: 1-7.
Mohammed ASM. Identification of dermatophytes causing cutaneous mycosis in Ismailia city and their susceptible pattern to Ketoconazole and Fluconazole. M.D. Thesis, Fac. Med., Suez Canal University; 2004.
Venugopal PV and Venugopal TV. In vitro susceptibility of dermatophytes to imidazoles. Indian Journal of dermatology 1992; 37:35-41.
Carrillo-Munoz AJ, Cardenes CD, Carrillo-Orive B, Rodriguez V, Valle O, Casals JB et al. In vitro antifungal activity of Voriconazole against dermatophytes and superficial isolates of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2005; 22:110-13.
Araujo CR, Miranda KC, Fernandes OFL, Soares AJ and Silva MRR. In vitro susceptibility testing of dermatophytes isolated in Goiania, Brazil, against five antifungal agents by broth microdilution method. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo 2009; 51:9-12.
Al-Qurashi AD and Awad MA. Effect of pre-harvest calcium chloride and ethanol spray on quality of El-Bayadi table grapes during storage. Vitis 3013; 52:61-7.
Martinez-Rossi NM, Peres NTA and Rossi A. Antifungal resistance mechanisms in dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 2008; 166:369-83.

References

Weitzman I and Summerbell RC. The dermatophytes. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8:240-59.

Higgins EM, Fuller LC and Smith CH. Guidelines for the management of tinea capitis. Br J of Dermatol 2000; 143:53-58.

King RD, Khan HA, Foye JC, Greenberg JH and Jones HE. Transferrin, iron, and dermatophytes. I. Serum dermatophyte inhibitory component definitively identified as unsaturated transferrin. J Clin Med 1975; 86:204–12.

Dei Cas E and Vernes A. Parasitic adaptation of pathogenic fungi to mammalian hosts. Crit Rev Microbiol 1986; 13:173–218.

Rippon JW. Medical mycology, 3rd ed. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia – London; 1974.

Tainwala R and Sharma YK. Pathogenesis of dermatophytes. Indian Journal of Dermatology 2011; 56: 259-61.

Faggi E, Pini G, Campisi E, Bertellini C, Difonzo E and Mancianti F. Application of PCR to distinguish common species of dermatophytes. J of Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:3382-85.

Miao Z, Li S, Li D, Cai C and Cai Y. Rapid detection for rabbit-derived dermatophytes using microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction. J of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 2014; 24: 53-58.

Peres NTA, Maranbao FCA, Rossi A and Martinez-Rossi NM. Dermatophytes: host-pathogen interaction and antifungal resistance. An Bras Dermatol 2010; 85:657-67.

Kano R, Okabayashi K, Nakamura Y, Watanabe S and Hasegawa A. Expression of Ubiquitin Gene in Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes cultured with Fluconazole. American Society for Microbiology 2001; 45: 2559-62.

Packialakshmi N and Musbira Banu M. Antifungal activity of nucifera extract against the dermatophytes. Canadian J of Biological and Microbiological Research 2014; 1:1-4.

Taniguchi N. On the basic concept of nano-technology. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Production Engineering, Tokyo, Part II. Japan Society of Precision Engineering, Tokyo; 1974.

Thakkar KN, Mhatre SS and Parikh RY. Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine J 2010; 6:257-62.

Mavani K and Shah M. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by using Sodium Borohydride as a reducing agent. IJERT 2013; 2:1-5.

Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey BK and Carter GR. Clinical Veterinary Microbiology, section 3: Mycology; The Dermatophytes, Wolfe Publishing, Europe; 1994. p. 381-90.

Carter GR and John R. Diagnostic Procedures in Veterinary Bacteriology and mycology, 5th ed. Appendix C, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California; 1990. p. 565.

Weitzman I and Rosenthal S. Studies in the differentiation between Microsporum ferrugineum Ota and Trichophyton soudanense Joyeux. Mycopathologia 1984; 84:95-101.

Fisher F and Cook BN. Fundamentals of diagnostic mycology by W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 1998.

Shehata AS, Mukherjee PK, Aboulatta HN, El-Akhras AI, Abbadi SH and Ghannoum MA. Single-Step PCR using (GACA) 4 primer: utility for rapid identification of dermatophyte species and strains. J of Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2641-45.

Nweze EI, Mukherjee PK and Ghannoum MA. An agar-based disk diffusion assay for susceptibility testing of dermatophytes. J of Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 3750-52.

Matnani G, Roy I, Gandham N, Mandal A, Ujagare M and Jadhav SV. Identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of fungal infections in clinical samples of suspected superficial fungal infections. J of Medical and Clinical Research 2012; 3: 215-20.

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi; Approved standard 2nd CLSI document M38-A2. Wayne, Pa: CLSI; 2008.

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of Filamentous fungi; Approved standard M38-A. Wayne, Pa: CLSI; 2008.

Singh J and Beena PM. Profile of dermatophyte infections in Baroda. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2003; 69:281-3.

Nasser MM. The zoonotic importance of dermatomycoses in U.A.R. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ; 1969.

Nermeen HG. Studies on zoophilic dermatophytes with references to human and animal dermatophytes. Ph.D thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Zagazig Univ; 2006.

Sarika G, Purva A, Rahul R and Saksham G. Prevalence of dermatophytic infection and determining sensitivity of diagnostic procedures. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014; 6:35-38.

Bhatia VK and Sharma PC. Epidemiological studies on Dermatophytosis in human patients in Himachal Pradesh, India. SpringerPlus 2014; 3:134: 1-7.

Mohammed ASM. Identification of dermatophytes causing cutaneous mycosis in Ismailia city and their susceptible pattern to Ketoconazole and Fluconazole. M.D. Thesis, Fac. Med., Suez Canal University; 2004.

Venugopal PV and Venugopal TV. In vitro susceptibility of dermatophytes to imidazoles. Indian Journal of dermatology 1992; 37:35-41.

Carrillo-Munoz AJ, Cardenes CD, Carrillo-Orive B, Rodriguez V, Valle O, Casals JB et al. In vitro antifungal activity of Voriconazole against dermatophytes and superficial isolates of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2005; 22:110-13.

Araujo CR, Miranda KC, Fernandes OFL, Soares AJ and Silva MRR. In vitro susceptibility testing of dermatophytes isolated in Goiania, Brazil, against five antifungal agents by broth microdilution method. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo 2009; 51:9-12.

Al-Qurashi AD and Awad MA. Effect of pre-harvest calcium chloride and ethanol spray on quality of El-Bayadi table grapes during storage. Vitis 3013; 52:61-7.

Martinez-Rossi NM, Peres NTA and Rossi A. Antifungal resistance mechanisms in dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 2008; 166:369-83.

Author biographies is not available.