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A pilot study for determination of anxiety related SLC6A4 promoter "S" and "L" alleles in healthy Turkish athletes
Corresponding Author(s) : K. Ulucan
Cellular and Molecular Biology,
Vol. 63 No. 5: Issue 5
Abstract
We aimed to analyze the allelic distribution of solute carrier family-6 member-4 promoter region in Turkish athletes. Recent studies showed the association of lesser expressing "S" allele with anxiety. Genotype percentages for LL, LS and SS genotypes were found as 46, 35 and 19, respectively. 38% of the males had LL, %38 had LS and 24% had SS genotypes. Percentages of LL, LS and SS genotypes were 54, 31 and 15 in females, respectively. 15 (58%) male and 18 (69%) females had L, 11 (42%) male and 8 (31%) females had S alleles. Variations in the association of the SLC6A4 alleles with neuropsychiatric disorders according to different nationalities have been reported. This is the first report showing that LL genotype and L allele in Turkish athletes was more frequent than SS genotype and S allele.
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- Patel DR, Omar H, Terry M. Sport-related performance anxiety in young female athletes. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 2010; 23: 325-35.
- Sanhueza JA, Zambrano T, Bahamondes-Avila C, Salazar LA. Association of Anxiety- Related Polymorphisms with Sports Performance in Chilean Long Distance Triathletes: A
- Pilot Study. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2016; 15: 554-61.
- Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Anderson GM, Cook EH. Pharmacogenetics and the serotonin system: initial studies and future directions. European Journal of Pharmacology 2000;
- (2-3): 165-181.
- Lesch KP. Serotonergic gene expression and depression:implications for developing novel antipdepressants. J Affect Disord 2001; 62: 57–76.
- Shad KF, Saeed SA. The metabolism of serotonin in neuronal cells in culture and platelets. Experimental brain research 2007; 183(3): 411–6.
- Pattij T, Vanderschuren LJ. The neuropharmacology of impulsive behaviour. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2008; 29: 192–9.
- Dalley JW, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW. Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control. Neuron 2011; 69: 680–94.
- Nielsen K, Brask D, Knudsen GM, Aznar S. Immunodetection of the serotonin transporter protein is a more valid marker for serotonergic fibers than serotonin. Synapse 2006; 59(5):
- –6.
- Lesch KP, Balling U, Gross J, Strauss K, Wolozin BL, Murphy DL. Organisation of the human serotonin transporter gene. Journal of Neural Transmission 1994; 95: 157 –62.
- Murphy DL, Moya PR. Human serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) variants: Their contributions to understanding pharmacogenomic and other functional GxG and GxE
- differences in health and disease. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2011; 11: 3–10.
- Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, et al. Influence of life stress on depression:moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003;301: 386–9.
- Patel DR, Omar H, Terry M. Sport-related performance anxiety in young female athletes. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 2010; 23: 325-35.
- Sysoeva OV, Maluchenko NV, Timofeeva MA, Portnova GV, Kulikova MA, Tonevitsky AG, et al. Aggression and 5HTT polymorphism in females: Study of synchronized
- swimming and control groups. International Journal of Psychophysiolog 2009; 72: 173–8.
- Meeusen R, Thorreí‚ K, Chaouloff F, Sarre S, De Meirleir K, Ebinger G, et al. Effects of tryptophan and/ or acute running on extracellular 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the hippocampus of food-deprived rats. Brain Research 1996; 740: 245-52.
- Gomez-Merino D, Bequet F, Berthelot M, Chennaoui M, Guezennec YC. Site-dependent effects of an acute intensive exercise on extracellular 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in rat brain.
- Neuroscience Letters 2001; 301: 143-6.
- Blomstrand E, Perrett D, Parry-Billings M, Newsholme EA. Effect of sustained exercise on plasma amino acid concentrations and on 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in six different
- brain regions in the rat. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1989; 136: 473- 81.
- Ohmatsu S, Nakano H, Tominaga T, Terakawa Y, Murata T, Morioka S. Activation of the serotonergic system by pedaling exercise changes anterior cingulate cortex activity and
- improves negative emotion. Behavioural Brain Research 2014; 270: 112-7.
- Greenberg BD, Tolliver TJ, Huang SJ, Li Q, Bengel D, Murphy DL. Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter region affects serotonin uptake in human blood platelets.
- American Journal of Medical Genetics 1999; 88: 83–7.
- Heils A, Teufel A, Petri S, Stöber G, Riederer P, Bengel D, Lesch KP. Allelic variation of human serotonin transporter gene expression. Journal of Neurochemistry 1996; 66(6): 2621-4.
- Lesch KP, Merschdorf U. Impulsivity, aggression, and serotonin: a molecular psychobiological perspective. Behav Sci Law 2000; 18: 581–604.
- Beitchman JH, Baldassarra L, Mik H, De Luca V, King N, Bender D, et al. Serotonin transporter polymorphisms and persistent, pervasive childhood aggression. The American
- Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1103–5.
- Saunders CJ, Milander L, Hew-Butler T, Xenophontos SL, Cariolou MA, Anastassiades LC, et al. Dipsogenic genes associated with weight changes during Ironman Triathlons.
- Human Molecular Genetics 2006; 15: 2980–7.
- Trushkin EV, Timofeeva MA, Sysoeva OV, Davydov YI, Knicker A, Struder H, Tonevitsky AG. Association of SLC6A4 Gene 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism with Parameters
- of Simple and Complex Reaction Times and Critical Flicker Frequency Threshold in Athletes during Exhaustive Exercise. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2011; 150(4): 471-4.
- Ulucan K, Yalcin S, Akbas B, Uyumaz F, Konuk M. Analysis of Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 4 Gene promoter polymorphism in young Turkish basketball players. Journal of
- Neurubehavioral Sciences 2014; 1(2): 37-40.
- Klucken T, Schweckendiek J, Blecker C, Walter B, Kuepper Y, Hennig J, et al. The association between the 5-HTTLPR and neural correlates of fear conditioning and connectivity. Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience 2015; 10(5): 700–7.
References
Patel DR, Omar H, Terry M. Sport-related performance anxiety in young female athletes. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 2010; 23: 325-35.
Sanhueza JA, Zambrano T, Bahamondes-Avila C, Salazar LA. Association of Anxiety- Related Polymorphisms with Sports Performance in Chilean Long Distance Triathletes: A
Pilot Study. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2016; 15: 554-61.
Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Anderson GM, Cook EH. Pharmacogenetics and the serotonin system: initial studies and future directions. European Journal of Pharmacology 2000;
(2-3): 165-181.
Lesch KP. Serotonergic gene expression and depression:implications for developing novel antipdepressants. J Affect Disord 2001; 62: 57–76.
Shad KF, Saeed SA. The metabolism of serotonin in neuronal cells in culture and platelets. Experimental brain research 2007; 183(3): 411–6.
Pattij T, Vanderschuren LJ. The neuropharmacology of impulsive behaviour. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2008; 29: 192–9.
Dalley JW, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW. Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control. Neuron 2011; 69: 680–94.
Nielsen K, Brask D, Knudsen GM, Aznar S. Immunodetection of the serotonin transporter protein is a more valid marker for serotonergic fibers than serotonin. Synapse 2006; 59(5):
–6.
Lesch KP, Balling U, Gross J, Strauss K, Wolozin BL, Murphy DL. Organisation of the human serotonin transporter gene. Journal of Neural Transmission 1994; 95: 157 –62.
Murphy DL, Moya PR. Human serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) variants: Their contributions to understanding pharmacogenomic and other functional GxG and GxE
differences in health and disease. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2011; 11: 3–10.
Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, et al. Influence of life stress on depression:moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003;301: 386–9.
Patel DR, Omar H, Terry M. Sport-related performance anxiety in young female athletes. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 2010; 23: 325-35.
Sysoeva OV, Maluchenko NV, Timofeeva MA, Portnova GV, Kulikova MA, Tonevitsky AG, et al. Aggression and 5HTT polymorphism in females: Study of synchronized
swimming and control groups. International Journal of Psychophysiolog 2009; 72: 173–8.
Meeusen R, Thorreí‚ K, Chaouloff F, Sarre S, De Meirleir K, Ebinger G, et al. Effects of tryptophan and/ or acute running on extracellular 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the hippocampus of food-deprived rats. Brain Research 1996; 740: 245-52.
Gomez-Merino D, Bequet F, Berthelot M, Chennaoui M, Guezennec YC. Site-dependent effects of an acute intensive exercise on extracellular 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in rat brain.
Neuroscience Letters 2001; 301: 143-6.
Blomstrand E, Perrett D, Parry-Billings M, Newsholme EA. Effect of sustained exercise on plasma amino acid concentrations and on 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in six different
brain regions in the rat. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1989; 136: 473- 81.
Ohmatsu S, Nakano H, Tominaga T, Terakawa Y, Murata T, Morioka S. Activation of the serotonergic system by pedaling exercise changes anterior cingulate cortex activity and
improves negative emotion. Behavioural Brain Research 2014; 270: 112-7.
Greenberg BD, Tolliver TJ, Huang SJ, Li Q, Bengel D, Murphy DL. Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter region affects serotonin uptake in human blood platelets.
American Journal of Medical Genetics 1999; 88: 83–7.
Heils A, Teufel A, Petri S, Stöber G, Riederer P, Bengel D, Lesch KP. Allelic variation of human serotonin transporter gene expression. Journal of Neurochemistry 1996; 66(6): 2621-4.
Lesch KP, Merschdorf U. Impulsivity, aggression, and serotonin: a molecular psychobiological perspective. Behav Sci Law 2000; 18: 581–604.
Beitchman JH, Baldassarra L, Mik H, De Luca V, King N, Bender D, et al. Serotonin transporter polymorphisms and persistent, pervasive childhood aggression. The American
Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1103–5.
Saunders CJ, Milander L, Hew-Butler T, Xenophontos SL, Cariolou MA, Anastassiades LC, et al. Dipsogenic genes associated with weight changes during Ironman Triathlons.
Human Molecular Genetics 2006; 15: 2980–7.
Trushkin EV, Timofeeva MA, Sysoeva OV, Davydov YI, Knicker A, Struder H, Tonevitsky AG. Association of SLC6A4 Gene 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism with Parameters
of Simple and Complex Reaction Times and Critical Flicker Frequency Threshold in Athletes during Exhaustive Exercise. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2011; 150(4): 471-4.
Ulucan K, Yalcin S, Akbas B, Uyumaz F, Konuk M. Analysis of Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 4 Gene promoter polymorphism in young Turkish basketball players. Journal of
Neurubehavioral Sciences 2014; 1(2): 37-40.
Klucken T, Schweckendiek J, Blecker C, Walter B, Kuepper Y, Hennig J, et al. The association between the 5-HTTLPR and neural correlates of fear conditioning and connectivity. Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience 2015; 10(5): 700–7.