Serum AFU, GGT and TK1 levels in PHC patients and their correlation with clinicopathology and diagnostic value

Genqiang Gong; Kang Zheng; Shunhe Xue; Jianfeng Hou; Qing Zhang

doi:10.14715/cmb/2020.66.5.20

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Vol. 66 No. 5: Issue 5

Issue Published : August 6, 2020

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Serum AFU, GGT and TK1 levels in PHC patients and their correlation with clinicopathology and diagnostic value

https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2020.66.5.20

Genqiang Gong

Department of General Surgery, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, China

Kang Zheng

Department of General Surgery, No. 215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang 712000, P.R. China

Shunhe Xue

Department of Gastroenterology, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an 716000, China

Jianfeng Hou

Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin 719000, P.R. China

Qing Zhang

Department of Infectious Disease, Hanzhong Centre Hospital, Hanzhong 723000, China

Corresponding Author(s) : Qing Zhang

qouia6@163.com

Cellular and Molecular Biology, Vol. 66 No. 5: Issue 5
Article Published : July 31, 2020

Abstract

To investigate the expression level and clinical significance of fucosidase (AFU), glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in the serum of patients with primary liver cancer (PHC). A total of 135 PHC patients in Baoji Central Hospital from September 2014 to February 2018 were selected as a research group (RG), while 127 healthy subjects were collected as a control group (CG). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the AFU, GGT, and TK1 concentrations in serum of the two groups, and the diagnostic value of combined detection of the three for PHC was analyzed. AFU, GGT, and TK1 concentrations in serum of the RG were dramatically higher than those of the CG (P< 0.050). ROC curve analysis showed that the sensitivity of AFU, GGT, and TK1 in the single diagnosis of PHC was 88.00, 94.00, and 66.00% respectively, and the specificity was 68.00, 54.00, and 66.00% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the combined diagnosis of PHC were 76.00 and 90.00%, respectively. AFU, GGT, and TK1 concentrations were different in the presence or absence of liver cirrhosis, TNM stage, and tissue type (P< 0.050). AFU, GGT, and TK1 concentrations in PHC patients were dramatically higher than those in healthy people. Combined detection of the three has good diagnostic value for PHC.

Keywords

PHC AFU GGT TK1 Diagnostic value Clinicopathology

Gong, G., Zheng, K., Xue, S., Hou, J., & Zhang, Q. (2020). Serum AFU, GGT and TK1 levels in PHC patients and their correlation with clinicopathology and diagnostic value. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 66(5), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2020.66.5.20

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References

Zhang X, Xu X, Ge G, Zang X, Shao M, Zou S, Zhang Y, Mao Z, Zhang J, Mao F, Qian H, Xu W. miR 498 inhibits the growth and metastasis of liver cancer by targeting ZEB2. Oncol Rep 2019; 41: 1638-1648.
Cong WM, Bu H, Chen J, Dong H, Zhu YY, Feng LH, Chen J. Practice guidelines for the pathological diagnosis of primary liver cancer: 2015 update. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 9279-9287.
Yuen MF, Lai CL. Serological markers of liver cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 19: 91-99.
Sauzay C, Petit A, Bourgeois AM, Barbare JC, Chauffert B, Galmiche A, Houessinon A. Alpha-foetoprotein (AFP): A multi-purpose marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 463: 39-44.
Berretta M, Cavaliere C, Alessandrini L, Stanzione B, Facchini G, Balestreri L, Perin T, Canzonieri V. Serum and tissue markers in hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma: clinical and prognostic implications. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 14192-14220.
Jagarlamudi KK, Hansson LO, Eriksson S. Breast and prostate cancer patients differ significantly in their serum Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) specific activities compared with those hematological malignancies and blood donors: implications of using serum TK1 as a biomarker. BMC Cancer 2015; 15: 66-77.
Zhou L, Liu J, Luo F. Serum tumor markers for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 1175-1181.
Malaguarnera G, Giordano M, Paladina I, Berretta M, Cappellani A, Malaguarnera M. Serum markers of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 2744-2755.
Zhou J, Sun HC, Wang Z, Cong WM, Wang JH, Zeng MS, Yang JM, Bie P, Liu LX, Wen TF, Han GH, Wang MQ, Liu RB, Lu LG, Ren ZG, Chen MS, Zeng ZC, Liang P, Liang CH, Chen M, Yan FH, Wang WP, Ji Y, Cheng WW, Dai CL, Jia WD, Li YM, Li YX, Liang J, Liu TS, Lv GY, Mao YL, Ren WX, Shi HC, Wang WT, Wang XY, Xing BC, Xu JM, Yang JY, Yang YF, Ye SL, Yin ZY, Zhang BH, Zhang SJ, Zhou WP, Zhu JY, Liu R, Shi YH, Xiao YS, Dai Z, Teng GJ, Cai JQ, Wang WL, Dong JH, Li Q, Shen F, Qin SK, Fan J. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer in China (2017 Edition). Liver Cancer 2018; 7: 235-260.
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Petrick JL, Braunlin M, Laversanne M, Valery PC, Bray F, McGlynn KA. International trends in liver cancer incidence, overall and by histologic subtype, 1978–2007. Int J Cancer 2016; 139: 1534-1545.
Song PP, Xia JF, Inagaki Y, Hasegawa K, Sakamoto Y, Kokudo N, Tang W. Controversies regarding and perspectives on clinical utility of biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 262-274.
Fu J, Li Y, Li Z, Li N. Clinical utility of decarboxylation prothrombin combined with Î±-fetoprotein for diagnosing primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2018; 38: 1-11.
De J, Shen Y, Qin J, Feng L, Wang Y, Yang L. A systematic review of des-Î³-carboxy prothrombin for the diagnosis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine 2016; 95: e3448-e3457.
Mao L, Xu J. Clinical Significance of Detection Combined AFP, AFU and CA199 to Patients with Primary Liver Cancer. Chine J Dial Artif Organs 2007; 4.
Yang Z, Ye P, Xu Q, Lu Y, Tang B, Wang Q, Chen S, Chen X. Elevation of serum GGT and LDH levels, together with higher BCLC staging are associated with poor overall survival from hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis. Discov Med 2015; 19: 409-418.
Xie R, Chen S. Diagnostic value of combined serum AFP, TK1 and DKK1 levels in primary liver cancer. Int J Lab Med 2018; 39: 939-941, 946.
Ning S, Wei W, Li J, Hou B, Zhong J, Xie Y, Liu H, Mo H, Chen J, Zhang L. Clinical significance and diagnostic capacity of serum TK1, CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 levels in gastric and colorectal cancer patients. J Cancer 2018; 9: 494-501.
Xi QP, Pu DH, Lu WN. Research on application value of combined detection of serum CA125, HE4 and TK1 in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2017; 21: 4536-4541.
Bagegni N, Thomas S, Liu N, Luo J, Hoog J, Northfelt DW, Goetz MP, Forero A, Bergqvist M, Karen J, Neumüller M, Suh EM, Guo Z, Vij K, Sanati S, Ellis M, Ma CX. Serum thymidine kinase 1 activity as a pharmacodynamic marker of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibition in patients with early-stage breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant palbociclib. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19: 123-133.
Alegre MM, Robison RA, O'Neill KL. Thymidine Kinase 1: a universal marker for cancer. Cancer Clin Oncol 2013; 2: 159-167.
Wang Y, Jiang X, Dong S, Shen J, Yu H, Zhou J, Li J, Ma H, He E, Skog S. Serum TK1 is a more reliable marker than CEA and AFP for cancer screening in a study of 56,286 people. Cancer Biomark 2016; 16: 529-536.
Geng Z, Zhang X, Fan Z, Lv X, Chen H. A route to terahertz metamaterial biosensor integrated with microfluidics for liver cancer biomarker testing in early stage. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 16378-16388.
Junna Z, Gongde C, Jinying X, Xiu Z. Serum AFU, 5'-NT and AFP as biomarkers for primary hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. Open Med (Wars) 2017; 12: 354-358.
Zhang SY, Lin BD, Li BR. Evaluation of the diagnostic value of alpha"l"fucosidase, alpha"fetoprotein and thymidine kinase 1 with ROC and logistic regression for hepatocellular carcinoma. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5: 240-244.
Jiang X, Zhu B, Chevallier J, Xie R. Allocating provincial CO2 quotas for the Chinese national carbon program. Australian J Agri Res Econ 2018; 62(3): 457-479.
Bordbar M, Darvishzadeh R, Pazhouhandeh M, Kahrizi D. An overview of genome editing methods based on endonucleases. Modern Genetics J 2020; 15(2): 75-92.
Liang Y, Lin Q, Huang P, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang L, Cao J. Rice Bioactive Peptide Binding with TLR4 To Overcome H2O2-Induced Injury in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells through NF-kappa B Signaling. J Agri Food Chem 2018; 66(2): 440-448.
Lou Y, Guo D, Zhang H, Song L. Effectiveness of mesenchymal stems cells cultured by hanging drop vs. conventional culturing on the repair of hypoxic-ischemic-damaged mouse brains, measured by stemness gene expression. Open Life Sci 2016; 11(1): 519-523.
Ren Y, Jiao X, Zhang L. Expression level of fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) in the peripheral blood of primary hypertension and its clinical significance. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 25(3): 469-473.
Wang L, Lin Q, Yang T, Liang Y, Nie Y, Luo Y, Shen J, Fu X, Tang Y, Luo F. Oryzanol Modifies High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity, Liver Gene Expression Profile, and Inflammation Response in Mice. J Agri Food Chem 2017; 65(38): 8374-8385.
Lou Y, Shi J, Guo D, Qureshi AK, Song L. Function of PD-L1 in antitumor immunity of glioma cells. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24(4): 803-807.
Lou Y, Yang J, Wang L, Chen X, Xin X, Liu Y. The clinical efficacy study of treatment to Chiari malformation type I with syringomyelia under the minimally invasive surgery of resection of Submeningeal cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation and reconstruction of Cisterna magna. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26(8): 1927-1931.
Yang M, Abdalrahman H, Sonia U, Mohammed A, Vestine U, Wang M, Ebadi AG, Toughani M. The application of DNA molecular markers in the study of Codonopsis species genetic variation, a review. Cell Mol Biol 2020; 2: 23-30.
He L, Fang H, Wang X, Wang Y, Ge H, Li C, Chen C, Wan Y, He H. The 100 most-cited articles in urological surgery: A bibliometric analysis. Int J Surg 2020; 75: 74-79.
Chen HX, Huang L, Yang L, Chen YT, Huang JM. Model-based method with nonlinear ultrasonic system identification for mechanical structural health assessment. Trans Emerge Telecommun Technol 2020; 1-15.
Chen X, Xu Y, Meng L, Chen X, Yuan L, Cai Q, Shi W, Huang G. Non-parametric partial least squares-discriminant analysis model based on sum of ranking difference algorithm for tea grade identification using electronic tongue data. Sens Actuators B Chem 2020; 311:127924-127931.
Guo T, Lin Q, Li X, Nie Y, Wang L, Shi L, Xu W, Hu T, Guo T, Luo F. Octacosanol Attenuates Inflammation in Both RAW264.7 Macrophages and a Mouse Model of Colitis. J Agri Food Chem 2017; 65(18): 3647-3658.
Zhang T, Wu X, Shaheen SM, Zhao Q, Liu X, Rinklebe J, Ren H. Ammonium nitrogen recovery from digestate by hydrothermal pretreatment followed by activated hydrochar sorption. Chem Eng J 2020; 379: 1-54.
Zhu B, Pang R, Chevallier J, Wei YM, Vo DT. Including intangible costs into the cost-of-illness approach: a method refinement illustrated based on the PM2.5 economic burden in China. Europ J Health Econ 2019; 20(4): 501-511.
Chen H, Chen Y, Yang L. Intelligent early structural health prognosis with nonlinear system identification for RFID signal analysis. Comput Commun 2020; 157: 150-161.
Nie Y, Luo F, Lin Q. Dietary nutrition and gut microflora: A promising target for treating diseases. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018; 75: 72-80.
Katase N, Gunduz M, Beder LB, Gunduz E, Sheikh Ali MA, Tamamura R, Yaykasli KO, Yamanaka N, Shimizu K, Nagatsuka H. Frequent allelic loss of Dkk-1 locus (10q11.2) is related with low distant metastasis and better prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, Cancer Invest 2010; 28(1):103-110.
Nie Y, Luo F, Wang L, Yang T, Shi L, Li X, Shen J, Xu W, Guo T, Lin Q. Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of rice bran polysaccharide and its potential mechanism in high-fat diet mice. Food Func 2017; 8(11): 4028-4041.
Li W, Jia MX, Wang JH, Lu JL, Deng J, Tang JX, Liu, C. Association of MMP9-1562C/T and MMP13-77A/G Polymorphisms with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Southern Chinese Population. Biomolecules 2019; 9(3): 107-119.

References

Zhang X, Xu X, Ge G, Zang X, Shao M, Zou S, Zhang Y, Mao Z, Zhang J, Mao F, Qian H, Xu W. miR 498 inhibits the growth and metastasis of liver cancer by targeting ZEB2. Oncol Rep 2019; 41: 1638-1648.

Cong WM, Bu H, Chen J, Dong H, Zhu YY, Feng LH, Chen J. Practice guidelines for the pathological diagnosis of primary liver cancer: 2015 update. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 9279-9287.

Yuen MF, Lai CL. Serological markers of liver cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 19: 91-99.

Sauzay C, Petit A, Bourgeois AM, Barbare JC, Chauffert B, Galmiche A, Houessinon A. Alpha-foetoprotein (AFP): A multi-purpose marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 463: 39-44.

Berretta M, Cavaliere C, Alessandrini L, Stanzione B, Facchini G, Balestreri L, Perin T, Canzonieri V. Serum and tissue markers in hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma: clinical and prognostic implications. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 14192-14220.

Jagarlamudi KK, Hansson LO, Eriksson S. Breast and prostate cancer patients differ significantly in their serum Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) specific activities compared with those hematological malignancies and blood donors: implications of using serum TK1 as a biomarker. BMC Cancer 2015; 15: 66-77.

Zhou L, Liu J, Luo F. Serum tumor markers for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 1175-1181.

Malaguarnera G, Giordano M, Paladina I, Berretta M, Cappellani A, Malaguarnera M. Serum markers of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 2744-2755.

Zhou J, Sun HC, Wang Z, Cong WM, Wang JH, Zeng MS, Yang JM, Bie P, Liu LX, Wen TF, Han GH, Wang MQ, Liu RB, Lu LG, Ren ZG, Chen MS, Zeng ZC, Liang P, Liang CH, Chen M, Yan FH, Wang WP, Ji Y, Cheng WW, Dai CL, Jia WD, Li YM, Li YX, Liang J, Liu TS, Lv GY, Mao YL, Ren WX, Shi HC, Wang WT, Wang XY, Xing BC, Xu JM, Yang JY, Yang YF, Ye SL, Yin ZY, Zhang BH, Zhang SJ, Zhou WP, Zhu JY, Liu R, Shi YH, Xiao YS, Dai Z, Teng GJ, Cai JQ, Wang WL, Dong JH, Li Q, Shen F, Qin SK, Fan J. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer in China (2017 Edition). Liver Cancer 2018; 7: 235-260.

Wong MC, Jiang JY, Goggins WB, Liang M, Fang Y, Fung FDH, Leung C, Wong GLH, Wong VWS, Wang HHX, Chan HLY. International incidence and mortality trends of liver cancer: a global profile. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 45846.

Petrick JL, Braunlin M, Laversanne M, Valery PC, Bray F, McGlynn KA. International trends in liver cancer incidence, overall and by histologic subtype, 1978–2007. Int J Cancer 2016; 139: 1534-1545.

Song PP, Xia JF, Inagaki Y, Hasegawa K, Sakamoto Y, Kokudo N, Tang W. Controversies regarding and perspectives on clinical utility of biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 262-274.

Fu J, Li Y, Li Z, Li N. Clinical utility of decarboxylation prothrombin combined with Î±-fetoprotein for diagnosing primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2018; 38: 1-11.

De J, Shen Y, Qin J, Feng L, Wang Y, Yang L. A systematic review of des-Î³-carboxy prothrombin for the diagnosis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine 2016; 95: e3448-e3457.

Mao L, Xu J. Clinical Significance of Detection Combined AFP, AFU and CA199 to Patients with Primary Liver Cancer. Chine J Dial Artif Organs 2007; 4.

Yang Z, Ye P, Xu Q, Lu Y, Tang B, Wang Q, Chen S, Chen X. Elevation of serum GGT and LDH levels, together with higher BCLC staging are associated with poor overall survival from hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis. Discov Med 2015; 19: 409-418.

Xie R, Chen S. Diagnostic value of combined serum AFP, TK1 and DKK1 levels in primary liver cancer. Int J Lab Med 2018; 39: 939-941, 946.

Ning S, Wei W, Li J, Hou B, Zhong J, Xie Y, Liu H, Mo H, Chen J, Zhang L. Clinical significance and diagnostic capacity of serum TK1, CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 levels in gastric and colorectal cancer patients. J Cancer 2018; 9: 494-501.

Xi QP, Pu DH, Lu WN. Research on application value of combined detection of serum CA125, HE4 and TK1 in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2017; 21: 4536-4541.

Bagegni N, Thomas S, Liu N, Luo J, Hoog J, Northfelt DW, Goetz MP, Forero A, Bergqvist M, Karen J, Neumüller M, Suh EM, Guo Z, Vij K, Sanati S, Ellis M, Ma CX. Serum thymidine kinase 1 activity as a pharmacodynamic marker of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibition in patients with early-stage breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant palbociclib. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19: 123-133.

Alegre MM, Robison RA, O'Neill KL. Thymidine Kinase 1: a universal marker for cancer. Cancer Clin Oncol 2013; 2: 159-167.

Wang Y, Jiang X, Dong S, Shen J, Yu H, Zhou J, Li J, Ma H, He E, Skog S. Serum TK1 is a more reliable marker than CEA and AFP for cancer screening in a study of 56,286 people. Cancer Biomark 2016; 16: 529-536.

Geng Z, Zhang X, Fan Z, Lv X, Chen H. A route to terahertz metamaterial biosensor integrated with microfluidics for liver cancer biomarker testing in early stage. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 16378-16388.

Junna Z, Gongde C, Jinying X, Xiu Z. Serum AFU, 5'-NT and AFP as biomarkers for primary hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. Open Med (Wars) 2017; 12: 354-358.

Zhang SY, Lin BD, Li BR. Evaluation of the diagnostic value of alpha"l"fucosidase, alpha"fetoprotein and thymidine kinase 1 with ROC and logistic regression for hepatocellular carcinoma. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5: 240-244.

Jiang X, Zhu B, Chevallier J, Xie R. Allocating provincial CO2 quotas for the Chinese national carbon program. Australian J Agri Res Econ 2018; 62(3): 457-479.

Bordbar M, Darvishzadeh R, Pazhouhandeh M, Kahrizi D. An overview of genome editing methods based on endonucleases. Modern Genetics J 2020; 15(2): 75-92.

Liang Y, Lin Q, Huang P, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang L, Cao J. Rice Bioactive Peptide Binding with TLR4 To Overcome H2O2-Induced Injury in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells through NF-kappa B Signaling. J Agri Food Chem 2018; 66(2): 440-448.

Lou Y, Guo D, Zhang H, Song L. Effectiveness of mesenchymal stems cells cultured by hanging drop vs. conventional culturing on the repair of hypoxic-ischemic-damaged mouse brains, measured by stemness gene expression. Open Life Sci 2016; 11(1): 519-523.

Ren Y, Jiao X, Zhang L. Expression level of fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) in the peripheral blood of primary hypertension and its clinical significance. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 25(3): 469-473.

Wang L, Lin Q, Yang T, Liang Y, Nie Y, Luo Y, Shen J, Fu X, Tang Y, Luo F. Oryzanol Modifies High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity, Liver Gene Expression Profile, and Inflammation Response in Mice. J Agri Food Chem 2017; 65(38): 8374-8385.

Lou Y, Shi J, Guo D, Qureshi AK, Song L. Function of PD-L1 in antitumor immunity of glioma cells. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24(4): 803-807.

Lou Y, Yang J, Wang L, Chen X, Xin X, Liu Y. The clinical efficacy study of treatment to Chiari malformation type I with syringomyelia under the minimally invasive surgery of resection of Submeningeal cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation and reconstruction of Cisterna magna. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26(8): 1927-1931.

Yang M, Abdalrahman H, Sonia U, Mohammed A, Vestine U, Wang M, Ebadi AG, Toughani M. The application of DNA molecular markers in the study of Codonopsis species genetic variation, a review. Cell Mol Biol 2020; 2: 23-30.

He L, Fang H, Wang X, Wang Y, Ge H, Li C, Chen C, Wan Y, He H. The 100 most-cited articles in urological surgery: A bibliometric analysis. Int J Surg 2020; 75: 74-79.

Chen HX, Huang L, Yang L, Chen YT, Huang JM. Model-based method with nonlinear ultrasonic system identification for mechanical structural health assessment. Trans Emerge Telecommun Technol 2020; 1-15.

Chen X, Xu Y, Meng L, Chen X, Yuan L, Cai Q, Shi W, Huang G. Non-parametric partial least squares-discriminant analysis model based on sum of ranking difference algorithm for tea grade identification using electronic tongue data. Sens Actuators B Chem 2020; 311:127924-127931.

Guo T, Lin Q, Li X, Nie Y, Wang L, Shi L, Xu W, Hu T, Guo T, Luo F. Octacosanol Attenuates Inflammation in Both RAW264.7 Macrophages and a Mouse Model of Colitis. J Agri Food Chem 2017; 65(18): 3647-3658.

Zhang T, Wu X, Shaheen SM, Zhao Q, Liu X, Rinklebe J, Ren H. Ammonium nitrogen recovery from digestate by hydrothermal pretreatment followed by activated hydrochar sorption. Chem Eng J 2020; 379: 1-54.

Zhu B, Pang R, Chevallier J, Wei YM, Vo DT. Including intangible costs into the cost-of-illness approach: a method refinement illustrated based on the PM2.5 economic burden in China. Europ J Health Econ 2019; 20(4): 501-511.

Chen H, Chen Y, Yang L. Intelligent early structural health prognosis with nonlinear system identification for RFID signal analysis. Comput Commun 2020; 157: 150-161.

Nie Y, Luo F, Lin Q. Dietary nutrition and gut microflora: A promising target for treating diseases. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018; 75: 72-80.

Katase N, Gunduz M, Beder LB, Gunduz E, Sheikh Ali MA, Tamamura R, Yaykasli KO, Yamanaka N, Shimizu K, Nagatsuka H. Frequent allelic loss of Dkk-1 locus (10q11.2) is related with low distant metastasis and better prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, Cancer Invest 2010; 28(1):103-110.

Nie Y, Luo F, Wang L, Yang T, Shi L, Li X, Shen J, Xu W, Guo T, Lin Q. Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of rice bran polysaccharide and its potential mechanism in high-fat diet mice. Food Func 2017; 8(11): 4028-4041.

Li W, Jia MX, Wang JH, Lu JL, Deng J, Tang JX, Liu, C. Association of MMP9-1562C/T and MMP13-77A/G Polymorphisms with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Southern Chinese Population. Biomolecules 2019; 9(3): 107-119.

Author biographies is not available.